OPINION: THE intensification in the global financial crisis over the last two months has led to a further deterioration in the outlook for global and Australian economic growth.
Introduction
The decline in global interest rates is continuing with the US Federal Reserve announcing another 0.5% reduction in its key Fed Funds rate to just 1% and
Source: Thomson Financial. AMP Capital Investors
Our assessment is that interest rates in most countries are set to fall significantly further, probably taking them back to the lows reached earlier this decade or even lower.
Reasons why interest rates will fall further
There are several reasons why interest rates are set to fall a lot in most countries:
· Firstly, the threat to global economic growth is now looking even more serious than was the case earlier this decade. Even prior to the turmoil in September and October leading indicators (which are basically economic indicators that lead future economic growth, such as measures of confidence) for the G7 economies were pointing to a recession at least as bad as that seen earlier this decade. See the next chart.
Source: Thomson Financial. AMP Capital Investors
However, since Lehman Brothers was allowed to go bust in mid-September, triggering a further loss of trust amongst banks and other financial institutions, the financial crisis has taken another turn for the worst leading to a further tightening in credit flows, a further loss of business and consumer confidence and of course a further sharp fall in share markets and wealth.
Furthermore, the crisis has now spread to a range of emerging countries, via lower commodity prices in the case of some and capital flight. This has been all made worse by the guarantees on bank borrowing in developed countries. Recent data has confirmed that even
· Secondly, the collapse in global growth will lead to excess capacity and this, along with the slump in commodity prices since mid year, will lead to a sharp decline in inflation pressures. If anything deflation is likely to return as a worry next year or in 2010, particularly with excess capacity in
· Thirdly, the credit crunch has had the effect of pushing up the level of private sector borrowing rates relative to official cash rates and government bond yields. While the situation is improving in money markets, adding to confidence a complete meltdown or long and deep recession is not on the way, they are still a long way from normal and credit markets are likely to remain difficult for some time. To reduce private sector borrowing rates to a given level it will be necessary to cut official interest rates by more than normal. For example, in
· Finally, normally in an economic downturn the yield curve (the gap between 10 year bond yields and short term cash rates) needs to become steeply positive. In other words, short term borrowing rates need to fall well below long term expected returns to encourage investors to borrow. In a banking crisis it’s even more important that the yield curve become positive because banks borrow short and lend long, so a positive yield curve helps strengthen the financial position of the banks. In the
Further rate cuts
The bottom line is that further interest rate cuts are necessary and likely over the next few months:
· US interest rates are likely to reach 0.5% or lower;
· The European Central Bank has signalled further rate cuts ahead, with another 0.5% cut likely next week and they are likely to fall at least as low as their 2003 low of 2%.
· The Bank of Japan is likely to take rates back towards zero given the growing severity of its recession.
· Rates are likely to head lower across Asia, including
What happens when interest rates hit zero?
As interest rates get close to zero there will be much debate about what next. As indicated by Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke back in 2003, there is still much that a central bank can do including resorting to the printing press (ie, printing money). While the latter won’t be undertaken lightly, it should not be seen as inflationary if people are not responding to low interest rates and hence not spending.
What about
Australian growth is likely to slow significantly over the year ahead reflecting slowing export demand, the slump in commodity prices which is now driving a slump in national income, the blow to confidence from the turmoil in financial markets and the loss of wealth that has resulted from falling share prices and softening house prices.
Against this there is still a big pipeline of yet to be completed investment projects, we have a shortage of houses in contrast to the US which has an oversupply and the plunge in the $A will provide a huge boost to exporting and import competing industries. What’s more the Government has recognised the threat and is already undertaking fiscal stimulus and interest rates can fall a lot further.
Our leading indicator points to Australian GDP growth slowing to around 1.5% in the year ahead, but it’s still falling. While Australia should have a softer landing than the US, Europe and Japan, the odds are now tipping in favour of a mild recession, probably in the June and September quarters next year after the one-off payments to low and middle income families with children and pensioners in December have worked through.
Source: Thomson Financial. AMP Capital Investors
Given the uncertainty, the table below indicates what has happened in the past four recessions in
What happened in past Australian recessions?
Recession | Fall in GDP, % | Length, qtrs | Fall in inflation% points | Rise in unemploy-ment, % points | Fall in cash rate, % points |
1975 | -2.1 | 2 | -11.2 | +3.2 | -14.1 |
1977 | -0.6 | 2 | -5.4 | +2.3 | -2.4 |
1982-83 | -3.8 | 7 | -5.7 | +4.9 | -12.4 |
1990-91 | -1.7 | 5 | -4.6 | +5.2 | -13.5 |
Source: ABS, RBA, AMP Capital Investors
A sharp rise in unemployment to at least 6% is likely over the year ahead and inflation is likely to fall sharply. During the last easing cycle in 2001 the cash rate fell to 4.25%. This time around the economic threat is greater and given the blow out in mortgage rates versus the cash rate it may be necessary to ultimately cut the cash rate to a lower level (say to 3.75%) by the end of next year. Another factor pointing to a sharp further reduction in Australian interest rates over the next 6-12 months is that the household sector is more vulnerable today with much higher debt. The likelihood is that rising unemployment will trigger a desire to reduce debt and hence spending.
Much lower mortgage rates will be necessary to make sure this does not turn into a downwards spiral – of rising unemployment, falling house prices, reduced spending, and rising unemployment, etc. But it’s hard to escape the likelihood that house prices will fall over the year ahead.
Concluding comments
The economic outlook is now pretty gloomy. The recent turn for the worst in money and credit markets has led to a further weakening in the global growth outlook, which in turn has led to a deterioration in the outlook for Australian growth and hence the need for much lower interest rates.
For shares the slide towards recession globally will ensure that the ride will remain rough over the next few months. It’s still too early to say for sure that we have hit bottom. However, several points are worth bearing in mind. Shares are very oversold after the recent panic and are at least due for a big short term bounce (of possibly around 30%).
Shares have had their worst calendar year (so far) since 1931 in the US and their worst calendar year (so far) ever over the period since 1876 in the case of Australia and as such they are already discounting a lot of bad news, including a 40% slump in profits. Just as share markets peaked before the world went into recession they will also trough before the economic news turns good again.
By Dr Shane Oliver, head of investment strategy and chief economist with AMP Capital Investors.*
Australian Property Journal
